Fig. 1

Schematic overview of a deep learning (DL) network, in specific convolutional neural network (CNN). a Demonstrated various blocks found in CNN, in specific, convolutional, up sampling and reduction blocks, which are sliding window filters that execute operations on images. b demonstrated the flow of CNN, in particular in this figure, the CNN algorithm would extract features from a raw data input i.e. specular microscopy image, which will then automatically segment the image as a target, producing an edge image as an output, which would then undergo a post-processing directly to produce the final binary segmented image with cell boundary marking