Fig. 1
From: Homocysteine and mitochondrial quality control in diabetic retinopathy
Temporal relationship between high glucose-homocysteine and mitochondrial damage in retinal endothelial cells. Human retinal endothelial cells were analyzed for (a) mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) using MitoSox red, gene transcripts of mtDNA-encoded (b) ND6 and (c) CytB by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using β-actin as housekeeping gene, and (d) mitochondrial copy numbers in genomic DNA using CytB as a mtDNA marker and β-actin as a nuclear DNA marker. (e) H2S levels were quantified spectrophotometrically using N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate. Results are presented as mean ± SD from three different cell preparations, with each measurement made in triplicates. NG and HG, 5 mM and 20 mM d-glucose, respectively; Hcy and Hcy/GY, 20 mM d-glucose with homocysteine, without and with GYY4137, respectively; L-Gl, 20 mM l-glucose; Ant., 5 mM d-glucose with antimycin A. *P < 0.05 vs. NG; #P < 0.05 vs. HG