Fig. 5

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of the parafoveal region in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). As determined using Cirrus ™, retinal microvasculature for patients with AD (a, b, and c), MCI (d, e, and f), and healthy controls (g, h, and i) are shown. For the large vessels, no significant differences in density were observed, but some degree of increased tortuosity was seen in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP) (a) in comparison to normal controls (g). The microvasculature of the deep vascular plexus (DVP) (b) had a significant decrease in density with a visually larger foveal avascular zone when compared with normal controls (h) and MCI patients (e). The overall retinal vascular network contains both the SVP and DVP (c, f, and i). Bar = 0.5 mm [31]. (Images provided courtesy of Dr. Hong Jiang, MD, PhD of Bascom Palmer Eye Institute at the University of Miami)