Fig. 3

Antioxidant effect of gallic acid (GA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated oxidative stress. a Western blot analysis of p-Nrf2, HO-1, and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) proteins in RAW264.7 macrophages. b Confocal microscopy images of RAW264.7 macrophages. Cell nuclei are shown in blue (DAPI) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is shown in green. RAW264.7 macrophages were pre-treated with GA (100 µM) for 16 h followed by the stimulation of LPS (1 µg/mL) for another 8 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.001 compared to the LPS group