Fig. 3

M1-type macrophages induced TGFβ3 expression in hCSSC via paracrine action. a In a Transwell system, the co-culture of hCSSC and mRAW cells at M1 condition in separate chambers for 48 h showed a significant hTGFβ3 upregulation from hCSSC. The induction was detectable after 24 h. For hCSSC alone under M1 induction, there were no clear changes of hTGFβ3 expression. The expression of hTGFβ1 was not altered in hCSSC alone or in co-culture with mRAW cells after M1 induction. b hTGFβ3 upregulation was significantly greater when hCSSC were co-cultured with mRAW cells under M1 but not under M2 and M0 conditions. hTGFβ1 expression remained unchanged under different conditions. Mean and SD are calculated from triplicate experiments. * P < 0.05, paired Student’s t-test