Table 3 Epidemiological studies investigating associations between AMD and cardiovascular/lipid conditions

CVD

Kahn et al. 1977 [104], Hyman et al. 1983 [117], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Fernandez et al. 2012 [124], Wu et al. 2014 [125]

Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Nguyen-Khoa et al. 2008 [130]

Eye Disease Case–control Study Group 1992 [107], Klein et al. 1993 [108], Smith et al. 2001 [110], Klein et al. 2003 [109], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], Klein et al. 2007 [112], Fraser-Bell et al. 2008 [113], Golan et al. 2011 [116], Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Cardiovascular mortality

Clemons et al. 2004 [119], Tan et al. 2008 [137]

MI

Duan et al. 2007 [121], Vassilev et al. 2015 [120]

Nguyen-Khoa et al. 2008 [130]

CHD

Wong et al. 2007 [122], Sun et al. 2009 [123], Fernandez et al. 2012 [124], Wu et al. 2014 [125], Yang et al. 2014 [127]

Delcourt et al. 2001 [129]

CAD

Thomas et al. 2015 [126], Wang et al. 2015 [128]

Atherosclerosis

van Leeuwen et al. 2003 [132], Klein et al. 2007 [133], Taniguchi et al. 2015 [134]

Klein et al. 2003 [131]

Stroke

Tan et al. 2007 [118], Fraser-Bell et al. 2008 [113], Tan et al. 2008 [137], Liao et al. 2008 [135], Hu et al. 2010 [136], Wieberdink et al. 2011 [138], Ikram et al. 2012 [139], Wu et al. 2014 [125]

Smith et al. 2001 [110], Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Klein et al. 2003 [109], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], Klein et al. 2007 [112], Sun et al. 2009 [123], Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Hypertension

Kahn et al. 1977 [104], Sperduto & Hiller 1986 [144], Hyman et al. 2000 [145], Yang et al. 2014 [127], Cheung et al. 2014 [148], Thomas et al. 2015 [126]

Klein et al. 1993 [108], Smith et al. 2001 [110], Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Klein et al. 2003 [131], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Fraser-Bell et al. 2008 [113], Yip et al. 2015 [147]

Diastolic blood pressure

Vidaurri et al. 1984 [143], Hyman et al. 2000 [145], Fraser-Bell et al. 2008 [113]

van Leeuwen et al. 2003 [132]

Systolic blood pressure

Klein et al. 2003 [109], van Leeuwen et al. 2003 [132], Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Pulse pressure

Klein et al. 2003 [109], van Leeuwen et al. 2003 [132], Fraser-Bell et al. 2008 [113], Cougnard-Grégoire et al. 2013 [146]

Fraser-Bell et al. 2008 [113]

Total serum cholesterol

Eye Disease Case–control Study Group 1992 [107], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], Ulaş et al. 2013 [149]

Klein et al. 1993 [108], Klein et al. 2003 [131], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], Cheung et al. 2014 [148]

Smith et al. 2001 [110], Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Abalain et al. 2002 [151], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Munch et al. 2013 [153], Erke et al. 2014 [115], Mulero et al. 2014 [152], Klein et al. 2014 [53], Cheung et al. 2014 [148]

HDL-C

Klein et al. 1993 [108], Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Klein et al. 2003 [109], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Cougnard-Grégoire et al. 2014 [150]

Smith et al. 2001 [110], Abalain et al. 2002 [151], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Erke et al. 2014 [115], Mulero et al. 2014 [152], Klein et al. 2014 [53], Cheung et al. 2014 [148]

LDL-C

Ulaş et al. 2013 [149]

Abalain et al. 2002 [151], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Erke et al. 2014 [115], Mulero et al. 2014 [152], Cheung et al. 2014 [148]

Cholesterol intake

Hyman et al. 2000 [145],

HDL

Hyman et al. 2000 [145], Yip et al. 2015 [147]

Munch et al. 2013 [153]

LDL

Munch et al. 2013 [153]

Total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio

Tan et al. 2007 [118]

Klein et al. 1993 [108]

Tan et al. 2007 [118], Klein et al. 2014 [53]

Hyperlipidemia

Vassilev et al. 2015 [120]

Triglycerides

Munch et al. 2013 [153]

Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Abalain et al. 2002 [151], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Munch et al. 2013 [153], Erke et al. 2014 [115], Mulero et al. 2014 [152], Yip et al. 2015 [147]

Phospholipids

Abalain et al. 2002 [151]

BMI

Klein et al. 2007 [112], Delcourt et al. 2001 [129], Ulaş et al. 2013 [149], Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Klein et al. 2003 [109], Klein et al. 2007 [112],

Smith et al. 2001 [110], Tomany et al. 2004 [111], DeAngelis et al. 2004 [154], Tan et al. 2007 [118], Munch et al. 2013 [153], Cheung et al. 2014 [148]

Physical exercise

Klein et al. 2003 [109], Munch et al. 2013 [153], Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Waist circumference

Munch et al. 2013 [153]

Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Waist-to-hip ratio

Erke et al. 2014 [115]

Serum carotenoid levels

Eye Disease Case–control Study Group 1992 [107]

Dietary lutein/zeazanthin

SanGiovanni 2007 [160], SanGiovanni et al. 2008 [161], Bonds et al. 2014 [163], Chew et al. 2014 [164], Wu et al. 2015 [162]

Dietary DHA/EPA

SanGiovanni 2007 [160], SanGiovanni et al. 2008 [161], Wu et al. 2015 [162]

Statin use

Klein et al. 2003 [173]

Hall et al. 2001 [165], McCarty et al. 2001 [166], Wilson et al. 2004 [167], McGwin et al. 2005 [168], Guymer at al. 2008 [175], Guymer et al. 2013 [176], Sasaki et al. 2013 [177], Ma et al. 2015 [174], Vavvas et al. 2016 [180]

Klein et al. 2007 [112], Cougnard-Grégoire et al. 2013 [146], McGwin et al. 2006 [170], Maguire et al. 2009 [171], Shalev et al. 2011 [114], Klein et al. 2014 [53], Al-Holou et al. 2015 [172]

Female Sex

Smith et al. 1997 [191], Rudnicka et al. 2012 [192]

Hirvelä et al. 1996 [189], AREDS Group 2000 [185], Buch et al. 2005 [184], Roh et al. 2008 [186], Laitinen et al. 2010 [183], Fong & Contreras 2010 [188], Chakravarthy et al. 2010 [190], You et al. 2012 [187]

Hormone therapy

Eye Disease Case–control Study Group 1992 [107], van Leeuwen et al. 2004 [194]

Smith et al. 2001 [110], Tomany et al. 2004 [111]

Age at menarche

Snow et al. 2002 [182]

Age at menopause

Tomany et al. 2004 [111]

Time from menarche to menopause

Tomany et al. 2004 [111]