Table 1 Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic subjects
From: Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss
| Author (Year) | Type of study | Location | Sample size, Age in years | Diabetes type | Prevalence of DR (%) | Prevalence of VTDR (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yau (2012) [3] | Meta-analysis | Global | 12,620 | Overall | 35.36 | 11.72 (PDR and/or DME) |
| Mean 58.1 | Type 1 | 77.31 | 38.48 (PDR and/or DME) | |||
| Range 3–97 | Type 2 | 25.16 | 6.92 (PDR and/or DME) | |||
| Asia | ||||||
| Liu (2012) [22] | Meta-analysis | China | 11,996 | Unspecified | 23.0 | 2.8 (PDR) |
| Range 15–87 | ||||||
| Kung (2014) [19] | Hospital | Hong Kong | 15,856 | Type 2 | 12.1 | 0.3 (PDR) |
| Range ≥ 20 | ||||||
| Jee (2013) [202] | Population | South Korea | 1678 | Type 2 | 15.8 | 4.6 |
| Mean 58.0 ± 11.6 | ||||||
| Wong (2008) [39] | Population | Singapore | 757 | Type 2 | 35.0 | 9.0 |
| Mean 58.7 ± 11.0 | ||||||
| Range 40–80 | ||||||
| Chiang (2011) [203] | Population | Singapore | 401 | Type 2 | 25.4 | Not investigated |
| Mean 53.0 ± 9.0 | ||||||
| Range 40–95 | ||||||
| Zheng (2012) [204] | Population | Singapore | 1295 | Type 2 | 30.4 | 7.1 |
| Range ≥ 40 | ||||||
| Raman (2009) [21] | Population | India | 1,414 | Unspecified | 18.0 | 4.3 |
| Mean 56.1 ± 10.1 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 40 | ||||||
| Katulanda (2014) [205] | Hospital | Sri Lanka | 536 | Unspecified | 27.4 | Not investigated |
| Mean 56.4 ± 10.9 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 18 | ||||||
| Akhter (2013) [31] | Population | Bangladesh | 60 | Unspecified | 21.6 | Not investigated |
| Mean 46.0 ± 12 | ||||||
| Thapa (2014) [32] | Hospital | Nepal | 277 | Unspecified | 38.26 | 14.44 |
| Mean 62.3 ± 13.3 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 20 | ||||||
| Middle East | ||||||
| Al-Rubeaan (2015) [64] | Population (Registry) | Saudi Arabia | 50,464 | Type 2 | 19.7 | 10.6 (PDR) 5.7 (DME) |
| Mean 59.7 ± 12.8 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 25 | ||||||
| Al Ghamdi (2012) [26] | Population | Saudi Arabia | 612 | Unspecified | 36.8 | 17.5 (Scottish DR Grading R4 and/or M2) |
| Mean 63.3 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 50 | ||||||
| Papakonstantinou (2015) [27] | Population | Iran | 529 | Type 2 | 29.6 | 11.1 |
| Range 40–80 | ||||||
| Europe | ||||||
| Thomas (2015) [10] | Population | United Kingdom | 91,393 | Overall | 32.4 | 3.4 (PDR and/or DME) |
| Mean 36.5 ± 16.4 | Type 1 | 56.0 | 11.2 (PDR and/or DME) | |||
| Mean 65.3 ± 11.7 | Type 2 | 30.3 | 2.9 (PDR and/or DME) | |||
| Pugliese (2012) [65] | Hospital | Italy | 15,773 | Type 2 | 22.2 | 9.8 |
| Range 59–75 | ||||||
| Pedro (2010) [11] | Population | Spain | 8675 | Overall | 26.7 | 0.59 (PDR) |
| Mean 34.9 ± 10.5 | Type 1 | 36.5 | 1.0 (PDR) 5.73 (DME) | |||
| Mean 64.6 ± 10.8 | Type 2 | 26.1 | 0.56 (PDR) 6.44 (DME) | |||
| Dutra Medeiros (2015) [66] | Population | Portugal | 52,739 | Type 2 | 16.3 | 3.1 |
| Mean 69.1 ± 11.1 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 45 | ||||||
| Hautala (2014) [12] | Population | Finland | 172 | Type 1 | 93.6 | 34.9 (PDR) |
| Mean 30 ± 3 | ||||||
| Range 22–35 | ||||||
| Bertelsen (2013) [13] | Population | Norway | 514 | Overall | 26.8 | 1.2 (PDR) 3.9 (DME) |
| Mean 66.4 | Type 1 | 78.0 | ||||
| Range 46–87 | Type 2 | 25.0 | ||||
| Knudsen (2006) [14] | Population | Denmark | 984 | Overall | 48.8 | |
| Median 37.3 | Type 1 | 53.8 | 2.9 (PPDR) 5.6 (PDR) 7.9 (CSME) | |||
| IQR 19.0–48.5 | ||||||
| Median 58.1 | Type 2 | 38.7 | 3.6 (PPDR) 0.9 (PDR) 12.8 (CSME) | |||
| IQR 15.0–65.0 | ||||||
| Dedov (2009) [15] | Population | Russia | 7186 | Overall | 45.9 | 8.1 (PPDR) 6.7 (PDR) |
| Median 38.0 | Type 1 | 54.6 | 9.1 (PPDR) 11.1 (PDR) | |||
| IQR 27.0–49.0 | ||||||
| Median 59.0 | Type 2 | 34.2 | 7.2 (PPDR) 2.7 (PDR) | |||
| IQR 54.0–66.0 | ||||||
| North America | ||||||
| Zhang (2010) [18] | Population | United States of America | 1006 | Unspecified | 28.5 | 4.4 |
| Range ≥ 40 | ||||||
| Kempen (2004) [17] | Pooled population from 8 studies | United States of America | 4440 | Type 2 | 40.3 | 8.2 |
| Range ≥ 40 | ||||||
| Roy (2004) [16] | Pooled population from 2 studies | United States of America | 1384 | Type 1 | 79.1 | 31.2 |
| Range ≥ 18 | ||||||
| Nathoo (2010) [67] | Population | Canada | 394 | Unspecified | 27.2 | 2.3 (PDR) 2.0 (CSME) |
| Mean 58.8 | ||||||
| Range 10–100 | ||||||
| South America | ||||||
| Schellini (2014) [206] | Population | Brazil | 407 | Type 2 | 7.62 | Not investigated |
| Mean 51.8 ± 13.6 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 30 | ||||||
| Esteves (2009) [68] | Hospital | Brazil | 437 | Type 1 | 44.4 | 3.0 (PPDR) 22.2 (PDR) 9.4 (CSME) |
| Mean 26.8 ± 7.8 | ||||||
| Range ≥ 18 | ||||||
| Villena (2011) [69] | Hospital | Peru | 1222 | Type 2 | 23.1 | 1.6 (PPDR) 2.8 (PDR) 2.3 (CSME) |
| Median 59.0 | ||||||
| IQR 52.0–67.0 | ||||||
| Africa | ||||||
| Thomas (2013) [70] | Hospital | South Africa | 5565 | Overall | 25.8 | 7.5 |
| Mean 35.4 ± 15.4 | Type 1 | 36.9 | 9.7 | |||
| Mean 56.8 ± 11.8 | Type 2 | 21.4 | 6.6 | |||
| Kahloun (2014) [33] | Hospital | Tunisia | 2320 | Type 1 and 2 | 26.3 | 5.4 (PPDR) 3.4 (PDR) 4.2 (CSME) |
| Mean 54.5 | ||||||
| Range 10–92 | ||||||
| Mathenge (2014) [34] | Population | Kenya | 195 | Unspecified | 35.9 | 13.9 (PPDR + PDR) 4.1 (CSME) |
| Range ≥ 50 | ||||||
| Sharew (2013) [35] | Hospital | Ethiopia | 324 | Unspecified | 41.4 | 7.3 |
| Oceania | ||||||
| Kaidonis (2014) [71] | Pooled population from 11 studies | Australia | 12,666 | Type 1 and 2 | 30.4 | 7.5 (PDR and/or DME) |
| Range ≥ 15 | ||||||
| Papali’i-Curtin (2013) [207] | Population | New Zealand | 5647 | Unspecified | 19.0 | 0.4 (PDR) |
| Win Tin (2014) [208] | Population | Pacific Islands (Vanuatu, Nauru, Solomon Islands) | 459 | Type 2 | 47.1 | Not investigated |
| Mean 54 | ||||||